January 1, 1996 Irish and Scottish Newsletter NAMES OF THE MONTH This month the Irish surname taken from EDWARD MacLYSAGHT's book IRISH FAMILIES Their Names, Arms & Origins, SciPrint Limited, Copyright Irish Academic Press Limited, ISBN # 0-7165-2364-7 is: BODKIN This un-Irish sounding name is intimately connected with Galway, the Bodkins being one of the fourteen "tribes" of that city. They are, in fact, an offshoot of the Fitzgeralds, being descended from Maurice Fitzgerald the ancestor of the Earls of Desmond and Kildare. Richard, Maurice's grandson, acquired extensive lands in east Galway in 1242. The name Bodkin is said to have originated from an incident in the career of Richard's son, Thomas Fitzgerald - the tradition being that in the course of a famous single combat he gained the victory by means of using a short spear called a baudekin, whence the expression buaidh baudekin, from which the surname was formed. Be that as it may there is no doubt as to the authenticity of their descent from the Fitzgeralds. It was in the fourteenth century that the Bodkins, then called Boudakyn and later Bodekin, established themselves in the city of Galway, and from that time until the Cromwellian upheaval and the submergence of prominent Catholic families, they were one of the more important of the "tribes". There were several mediaeval bishops of the name and a number of officers in King James II's army in Ireland. Walter and Dominick Bodkin were members of the Supreme Council of the Confederation of Kilkenny in 1647. One of them, at the siege of Galway in 1652 refused to sign the articles of surrender. Forty years later Col. John Bodkin was a prominent Jacobite leader. Francis Bodkin was a notorious pirate captain: in 1673 his crew were captured but he escaped. From Roddy Martine's "SCOTTISH CLAN AND FAMILY NAMES Their Arms, Origins and Tartans", Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh and London, 1992, ISBN # 1-85158-418-8 BRUCE The family of de Bruis came from Normandy with William the Conqueror in 1066. They received the lands of Skelton in Yorkshire, and through friendship with King David I of Scotland, Robert de Bruis was gifted the Lordship of Annandale in 1124. Robert, 5th Lord of Annandale married Isabella of Huntingdon, second daughter of the Earl of Huntingdon and a great-granddaughter of David I. After the death of King Alexander II, Robert, 6th Lord, was nominated as one of the Regents of the Kingdom of Scotland and guardian of Alexander III. In 1290, after the deaths of Alexander III and his granddaughter and heiress, the Maid of Norway, this same Robert claimed the Crown of Scotland as nearest heir. King Edward I of England overruled this claim in favour of John Baliol, who was the grandson of the elder daughter of the Earl of Huntingdon. This Bruce died in 1295 aged 85, and his son married Margaret, Countess of Carrick. Their son asserted the claim again, the throne having fallen vacant through Baliol's renunciation. He ascended the throne of Scotland in 1306, but it was a long, hard struggle before he finally consolidated his position at the battle of Bannockburn, 1314. He died at Cardross in 1329. His remains are interred at the Abbey Church of Dunfermline, although his heart, having been carried to the Crusades, is buried at Melrose Abbey. King Robert I's only son, David III, died childless, and the Royal line was taken up by the Stewart descendants of Lady Marjorie Bruce. From the Bruces of Clackmannan, cousins of King Robert I, descend the Earls of Elgin, a title conferred in 1633 on Thomas, 3rd Lord of Kinloss. Edward Bruce, younger brother of King Robert I, went to Ireland in 1315 and was crowned king there in 1316, but was killed in 1318. James Bruce (1730-94), son of David Bruce of Kinnaird, travelled up the Nile to Abyssinia and in 1790 wrote an account which was thought so implausible that it was branded as fiction. Robert Bruce (1554-1631), son of the Laird of Airth, anointed Queen Anne at her Coronation in1590, and opposed King James VI's extreme religious policies. Sir William Bruce of Kinross (1630-1710) was architect for the restoration of Holyrood Palace (1671-8); designed part of Hopetoun House and built Kinross House. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, was a noted archaeologist and brought the Elgin Marbles to England from Greece in 1916. James, 8th Earl, was Governor General of Canada, 1847-54, and appointed Viceroy of India in 1861. Although Broomhall. is the current home of the Elgin family, there are several locations connected with their history. Most significant perhaps is the Castle of Lochmaben, ancient fortress of the Bruces of Annandale. It is here that the patriot king is believed to have been born. The tower of the Bruces of Clackmannan can be seen at Clackmannan, south-east of Alloa. HISTORY: COUNTY ANTRIM, Ireland Antrim is on the northwestern coast of Ireland. The major towns are Carrickfergus, Ballymena, Lisburn, and the city of Belfast which is in both Antrim and Down. Under the old Gaelic system this area was part of the territory of the O'Neills and was called Dalriada. The other major Gaelic families were the McQuillans and O'Quinns. Some "Gallowglass" or mercenary families from Scotland settled in Antrim in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. These included the McDonnells, Bissels (who became McKeowns), MacNeills, and McAllisters. Two Connaught families, the O'Haras and MacClearys, also migrated to Antrim at this period. The county was little affected by the Norman invasion and the ruling families of the county maintained their independence for several centuries. In 1594 the major tribes of Ulster, led by Hugh O'Neill, rebelled against English rule. This rebellion lasted until 1603 when the Ulster tribes were finally defeated. Following the defeat and departure of O'Neill and the heads of the major clans, Antrim, like the rest of Ulster, was "planted" with settlers from Britain. Antrim was one of the first counties planted, in advance of the main Ulster plantation which began in 1609. In about 1605 the Lord Deputy, Arthur Chichester, acquired the castle and lands of Belfast. Subsequently, he ruthlessly exterminated the inhabitants of these estates and planted them with English settlers. These came mainly from Devon, Lancashire, and Cheshire and included families named Bradshaw, Bradford, Watson, Taylor, Walker, Jackson, Wilson, Johnson, and Young. Also in the early 1600s English and Scottish adventurers, such as Clotworthy and Upton, were given confiscated lands in Antrim on the understanding that they would bring over settlers to their new estates. The now common occurrence of names such as Boyd, Fraser, Lindsay, Johnson, Morrison, Patterson, and Maxwell is due to the Scottish settlers brought to the county by these adventurers. The objectives of plantation, the clearance of the native population and their replacement by British subjects, were most successfully achieved in this county. Many of the native people were removed from the county altogether. As the native Irish population was predominantly Catholic, the Scottish usually Presbyterian, and the English generally Protestant, the proportions of these religions among the population can, in very general terms, be used to estimate the origins of the inhabitants of the county. When religious affiliation was first determined in the census of 1861, the respective proportions of Catholic, Presbyterian, and Protestant in Antrim were 28, 20, and 48 percent. Antrim, like the other northeastern counties, became a center of the linen industry. The industry was particularly developed by the arrival in the county of many French Huguenot weavers from 1685 onwards. These Huguenots settled in particular in Lisburn and Belfast, and their introduction of French looms and other innovations began a period of prosperity for the industry. By 1700 Belfast had a population of 2,000. As in the other northern counties, many northern Presbyterians or so-called Scots-Irish left Antrim during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries because of the repression of Presbyterians under the Penal Laws which were primarily intended to repress Catholicism. In the eighteenth century Belfast was the center of the Society of the United Irishmen, which was a movement of Catholics and Presbyterians against this repression. Belfast City is arguably the only city in Ireland to have felt the full effects of the industrial revolution. The city developed rapidly in the nineteenth century largely based on the linen industry and on heavy industry such as shipbuilding. Its rapid growth resulted in further immigration of people from Scotland, northern England, and rural Ireland. By the end of the nineteenth century its population had grown to 300,000. The county is one of the few whose population has increased since the Great Famine. This is largely due to the growth of Belfast City and surrounding towns. Apart from Dublin, the population of County Antrim is the most urbanized in Ireland. Because of this, commercial directories are particularly valuable sources of information. Some of the 1857 Census returns have also survived. The northern, and nonurbanized, parts of the county are largely agricultural and also have important fishing ports. COUNTY ARMAGH, Ireland County Armagh was part of the old Gaelic territory of Uriel or Oriel. The town of Armagh was the ancient seat of the High Kings of Ulster and has also been the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland for some 1500 years. The main Gaelic families in the area are O'Neill, O'Hanlon, MacCann, MacMahon, O'Keelaghan, McPartlan, MacVeagh, O'Heany, MacSherry, MacAlinden, O'Mulcreevy, O'Heron, O'Garvey, O'Loughran, O'Rogan, O'Hoey, and McEntee or McGinty. Most of these are still much in evidence in the county. Although the Normans invaded this county following their invasion of Ireland in the twelfth century, they did not exercise effective control because of the power of the Gaelic families. This situation of independence from English rule continued for several centuries. The O'Neill rebellion in 1594 (see Co. Antrim) led to the emigration of Hugh O'Neill and the major families of Ulster, the confiscation of their territories, and in 1609, the English plantation of Ulster by "adventurers." Among the English adventurers given land in Armagh at this time were the families of Acheson, Brownlow, St. John, McHenry, and Blacker. The plantation of Ulster, which also took place in Cavan, Donegal, Derry, Fermanagh, and Tyrone, was largely successful. Thousands of settlers, of all social classes, came to Armagh from Scotland and England during the early seventeenth century. The names of the Scottish settlers who came to the county include Boyd, Fraser, Lindsay, Johnston, Morrison, Patterson, and Maxwell. The English settler names include Bradshaw, Bradford, Watson, Taylor, Walker, Jackson, Wilson, Johnson, and Young. The native population was predominantly Catholic, the Scottish were usually Presbyterian, and English were of the of the Protestant faith. The proportions of these religions among the population can, in very general terms, be used to estimate the origins of the inhabitants of the county. When religious affiliation was first determined in the census of 1861, the respective proportions of Catholic, Presbyterian, and Protestant were 49, 31, and 16 percent. The Penal Laws, enacted in the 1690s following the accession of the Protestant King William to the English throne, were mainly aimed at restriction of the rights of Catholics. However, they also included various measures which disadvantaged Presbyterians. As a result many Ulster Presbyterians, the so-called Scots-Irish, emigrated to North America during the eighteenth century. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Armagh became a major center of Ulster's linen industry, particularly around the town of Lurgan. This industry and other farming activities made the county relatively prosperous during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By the nineteenth century the population had grown to over 200,000 making it one of the most densely populated in the country. The population density was 511 people to the square mile at the peak population (232,000) in 1841. The county was relatively less affected than others by the Great Famine of 1845-47, although it still reduced the population by around 15 percent between 1841 and 1851. In 1921 the county was one of those which remained in the United Kingdom when the Irish Free State was formed. The main towns are Armagh, Portadown, Lurgan, Tanderagee, and Keady. EDINBURGH, Scotland Taken from SCOTLAND AN INTIMATE PORTRAIT, Geddes MacGregor, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1980, ISBN: 0-395-56236-8 The name of the city is pronounced - Ehdinbruh - unless you want to sound either a peasant or foreigner. The city, however, is more ancient than its name. The name means "Edwin's borough," from King Edwin, King of Northumbria, who in 617 held the fortress that is now the Castle. The older Celtic name for the city before Edwin's day was Duneiden or Dunedin; hence the adoption of the latter name by the New Zealand city that was settled by Scots in 1848. The city lies on rising ground, from the sea on the north side to hills on the south. Edinburgh's origin in the mists of prehistory lay, no doubt, in the natural advantage its rock seemed to provide for establishing an impregnable fortress, to which could be added many other natural assets such as the presence of an estuary (called in Scotland a "firth") leading to the nearby North Sea. It became the capital city of Scotland in the middle of the fifteenth century, by little more than historical accident. James II of Scotland liked it and held his parliament there. Edinburgh's claim to be the capital, although unsupported by any specific charter or other official document, has been unquestioned for centuries. THE KILT AND TARTAN The kilt, with all its appurtenances, is known all over the world as a symbol of Scotland and one of the most spectacular forms of dress to be seen on our planet. At one time it was merely the traditional dress of the Highland Scot. Its proscription in the eighteenth century intensified Scottish pride in it. The tartan or pattern woven into a kilt is nowadays related to the clan or family of the wearer. Before the seventeenth century, the ordinary dress of the Scottish Highlander was a large, full, saffron-colored shirt, over which was worn a thick woolen garment somewhat like a priest's cassock but reaching only to the knee. We know this from reports by foreign visitors to Scotland. After about the year 1600 that costume went out of style. Two alternatives came into vogue: the breacan-fe'ile and the fe'ile-beag. (The latter is anglicized as "filibeg.") The breacan-fe'ile was worn in toga like fashion, the twelve yards of tartan secured around the waist with a belt. The lower part was the kilt; the upper, fastened at the shoulder with a brooch, covered the torso and hung down behind. It would require a good deal of arranging for neat appearance. The fe'ile-beag was to the breacan-fe'ile somewhat as a made-up bow tie is to a regular one. It was made of at least six yards of tartan, pleated, sewn, and fixed at the waist with straps. It was substantially the kilt as we know it today. Nowadays a kilt is worn with an ordinary white shirt for everyday attire, a tweed jacket and a waistcoat, brogues or other heavy shoes, plain knitted woolen hose secured by garters usually adorned with "flashes" (red or green strips), and a bonnet of either the Balmoral or Glengarry style. The sporran, a kind of shield originally intended to protect the male genitalia in battle, is worn hanging from a chain or a strap at the waist. It also serves as a purse, for there are no pockets in a kilt. For ordinary day wear the sporran may be a simple leather pouch with a few decorative tassels, or a grander affair made of sterling silver and fur, often fox or badger. If the "plaid" (pronounced playd), which is really the counterpart of an overcoat, is to be worn, it should be about four yards long, one and a half yards wide, and fringed at the ends. Today the plaid is rarely worn as ordinary dress, having been replaced by the Inverness cape, designed somewhat like a regular overcoat but with a cape. For everyday wear a tweed jacket of short, military cut is customary, with a plain rather than a tartan tie. The correct length of the kilt may be ascertained by kneeling on the ground, body and head erect. The front of the kilt should not quite touch the ground. The six to eight yards of pleated material make the kilt very heavy at the back, so that it will stay put even in a high wind. In front a simple or a decorative pin adorns the kilt on the right side. To the perennial question, "What is worn under the kilt?" the answer is simple. In the old days probably nothing, but today always briefs, preferably of a dark color and best of all of the same tartan as the kilt. In the stocking should be worn a sgian dubh, on the outer part of the right leg. The sgian dubh is a knife in a simple sheath. The bonnet may be adorned with a brooch showing the clan crest of the wearer or else the clan badge. One must always wear the badge with a representation of a belt and buckle, to show one's tie to the chief of one's clan. Only the chief of the clan wears it otherwise. The full-dress outfit can be and usually is very resplendent. Many clans have a special "dress" tartan as well as the ordinary" hunting" tartan. The hose should be made of the web of the tartan or knitted in a check of its predominant colors. (For everyday wear any color hose, such as gray or green, will do.) The doublet or jacket should be of velvet with lozenge-shaped buttons, usually silver. There are various forms of the doublet, Black velvet is usual; green is also used. Ornaments may include shoe buckles, which may be of silver; if the wearer is entitled to armorial bearings, these may adorn the mounting of the sporran and the belt. The cairngorm is the customary jewel used to fasten the plaid. For formal dress wear the lace jabot and lace sleeves are customary. The kilt is strictly a male garb. It is often said that the test of a true Scot is: does he feel more masculine in a kilt than in trousers? Unless he does he cannot be authentic! At any rate, the kilt is definitely not to be worn by women. To Celtic eyes, a woman in a kilt is as ridiculous a spectacle as a man in a bra. For ordinary day purposes, ladies wear a tartan skirt. It may be pleated, but not with the heavy pleating used in a kilt, which is designed for the male figure. She wears a tweed or other jacket, brogues, and stockings covering the knees. For reasons already made clear, a woman in a sporran is accounted indecent. To understand the principles behind formal dress for ladies, a little historical background is helpful. The principal garment for women in ancient times, the arisaid, was of light tartan, always on a white ground. It fell from the neck to the heels in one piece, tied in front by the two upper ends and clasped to the breast by a silver or other buckle or brooch. The arisaid was pleated all around and was fastened with a silver and leather belt at the waist. The headdress might be a fine linen scarf tied around the head and hanging tapered down the back. Sleeves might be of scarlet cloth closed at the end, with gold lace encircling them. The stones used in brooches and other adornments would vary with the taste of the wearer. The arisaig may be worn today, but for evening or other formal occasions ladies generally wear a white dress with a tartan scarf over the shoulder. Some controversy attends the question: which shoulder? According to some knowledgeable authorities, the sash is a curtailed version of the tartan cloak a woman in former times wore to support and cover her baby. She would hold the baby in her left arm, so as to leave the right arm free, and would therefore drape the cloak over her left shoulder. On this theory, the sash should be worn over the lady's left shoulder. The Lord Lyon King-of-Arms, who is the supreme authority in Scotland over heraldic and other such matters, gives no formal, judicial opinion on the subject. Nevertheless, Sir Thomas Innes of Learney, a former occupant of that office, personally approved the following styles: (1) clanswomen wear the sash over the right shoulder across the breast to the waist, then across the back over the right shoulder where it is secured by a pin or brooch, with the rest of the sash hanging down in front to just above the right knee; (2) wives of clan chiefs wear a somewhat fuller sash (about twenty four inches wide with a twelve-inch fringe) over the left shoulder across the breast to the waist, then across the back over the left shoulder, where it is secured with a pin or brooch, with the rest of the sash hanging down in front to just above the left knee; (3) ladies who have married out of their clan but wish to use their original clan tartan may wear a longer sash over the right shoulder, secured there with a pin and fastened in a large bow on the left hip. Ladies who are wearing chivalric orders or decorations or the riband of an order would wish to keep the front of the dress clear. According to the same authority, they may attach the sash to the back of the dress at the waist and with a brooch at the shoulder, so that both ends fall back and hang behind the right arm. For ballroom dancing, moreover, it may be inconvenient to have the right shoulder encumbered by the sash, and therefore ballroom dancers may prefer the second style, with the sash over the left shoulder. The basic rule is that the sash should be worn over the right shoulder as in (1), unless the wearer has good reason to do otherwise. Most ladies are not carrying babies when they appear in formal attire, so that consideration need not affect practice today. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: Q. - Can someone offer a short historical discourse on formal immigration and naturalization processes in the US? Like when did we first start to document immigrants? When did passports come into use? When were formal citizenship-granting procedures begun? I hear people in these groups discuss their ancestors'immigration papers and citizenship applications and such. But I doubt mine never had any. Surely time was when folks just hopped off the boat, waded ashore, and went on with their lives, and never said squat to anybody about papers. Is there an approximate time in history that divides an era of documentation from an era of no documentation? And what about when the US acquired new territories? I supposed people in those territories became US citizens, but were there any documented formalities that would name names? A. - Ernest Thode, Washington County Public Library, Marietta, OH 45750-1973: 1740 -- Free, white males, 21 years old could be naturalized in the British American colonies. They had to take the sacrament within the 3 months before application. 1776 -- All white residents of European descent born in the colonies or loyal to the Revolutionary cause were automatically citizens of the United States. All former colonies except CT, GA, NH, NC, and PA had separate state naturalization laws. Generally, becoming a state conferred citizenship on all residents of that former territory. In 1727 Sept the Pennsylvania provincial council passed a law requiring Germans ("Palatines") arriving in Philadelphia to be recorded. See _Pennsylvania German Pioneers_ by STRASSBURGER & HINKE. 1790 Mar 26 -- First federal naturalization law required a 2-year residence in the U.S. and 1-year residence in the state. Free, white males, 21 years old were eligible. Loyal indentured servants who resided in the colonies at the time of the Revolution automatically became citizens. 1798 June 18 to 1802 Apr 14 -- 14 years of residence required, plus notification to the U.S. Secretary of State. 1802 Apr 14 -- 5 years of residence in U.S., previous 1 year in state required for naturalization. Free white males, 21. Aliens register with court upon arrival (until 1828 May 24). 1868 Fourteenth Amendment -- Blacks become citizens automatically. 1906 Sept 27 -- All naturalizations, which previously could be done in any court of record, are recorded federally by an Immigration and Naturalization Service. This does not eliminate the possibility of records in local courts. Sources: Pennsylvania German Pioneers American Naturalization Processes and Procedures 1790-1985 by John J. NEWMAN The Source by Arlene Eakle and Johni Cerny CONTRIBUTIONS: Relevant Addresses and Contact Numbers for Closed Dioceses in Ireland: (in alphabetical order by Diocese) Phone: 043-46 432 Fax. 043-46 833 Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnois, St. Michael's, Longford, Co. Longford Phone: 0504-21 512 Fax: 0504-22 680 Archbishop of Cashel and Emly, Archbishop's House, Thurles, Co. Tipperary Phone: 021-811 430 Fax: 021-811 026 Bishop of Cloyne, Cloyne Diocesan Centre, Cobh, Co. Cork Phone: 064-31 168 Fax: 064-31 364 Diocesan Administrator, Bishop's House, Killarney, Co. Kerry Phone: 061-315 856 Fax: 061-310 186 The Apostolic Administrator, Diocesan Offices, 66 O'Connell Street, Limerick The National Library accepts permission by Fax (from the Diocese) at 01-676 6690 National Library of Ireland, Kildare Street, Dublin 2